in crippling certain operations of the Familia, most investigators Section XI. The leadership . Pues el desde muy chico a visitado. slated to be attacked if admitted to the prison. group, and judging by their self-assuredness, ideological adherence, Familia attempt to convert guards into "mules," who may respective responsibilities. One Neustra Familia Between 2003 and May 2007, Huerta engaged in drug trafficking with NF members,. Public File for KBCW-TV / KBCW 44 Cable 12. including the 3 "highest-ranking" Nuestra Familia leaders Known as one of the most powerful prison gangs in California, Nuestra Familia has been plagued by infighting in recent years, starting in the early 2000s when a number of high-ranking members. Get Morning Report and other email newsletters. Nuestra Familia leaders control and direct the gang's criminal activities both inside and outside of the prison system. The album generated revenue for the Nuestra Familia leadership and united Northern California Latino street gangs, which had been feuding. They found a link to the Nuestra Familia prison gang and its subsidiary, the Norteo street gang, Modesto Police Department Capt. . Additionally, prosecutors describe Zarate as a high level heroin and cocaine trafficker who also collected thousands in dues for the gang. According to court documents, Huerta is the wife of a Nuestra Familia general Joseph "Pinky" Hernandez. According to court documents, in 2004, Huerta would occasionally receive four ounces of methamphetamine from the NFs Salinas regiment. In June 2001, Operation Black Widow ended, with 21 NF gang leaders arrested. According to the evidence presented at trial, from December 2012 through April 2014 Garcia and Jasso were active members of the Nuestra Familia prison gang and its affiliated Norteo street gang. The indictment outlines each position according to the NF Constitution. In September 2011, Jaime Cervantes and another gang member burned the bodies of two murder victims in an apartment in Oakland based on orders from Henry Cervantes. The In the span of just over one year, Jaime Cervantes participated in three armed robberies on behalf of the gang, and stabbed a rival at the direction of his carnal Larez. Prosecutors said the group used a "paramilitary structure" to control thousands of other gang members throughout 28 California counties. nuestra familia, equipo de trabajo, clientes y entorno. The NF imposed "gang taxes" on drug dealers and prostitutes to help them gain a flow of income, and in the 1990s, their ranks swelled to more than 1,000 gang members. Nuestra Familia gang leaders are accused of ordering and carrying out a campaign of intimidation, assaults and assassination to control a crime syndicate and drug distribution empire stretching from Santa Rosa to Salinas and the Central Valley. Zarate has also consistently told counsel that he had strong second thoughts about going through with the planned assaults and wonders to this day if he would have actually acted, although he fully acknowledges his active participation in the conspiracy, Jordan wrote. (NPR: All Things Considered, March 7 2005). Nuestra Familia is a prison gang that originally formed in the California state prison system in the 1960s. Harriette Cole: I don't want the neighbor's kids at my house, Dear Abby: My wife said she doesn't like it, but it's part of my life, Ask Amy: I feel guilty for not speaking up about my co-worker's activities, Ask Amy: I'm your cabin housekeeper, and you apparently have no idea what I do. segregation. by Common Sense August 23rd, 2007, 11:01 am, Unread post Once membership was achieved, this membership was for life. Jury finds Bay Area man guilty of annoying or molesting a child Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. United States and developed prominent ties in Colorado state prisons. . that in most cases one must be a Chicano, but also requires at least SACRAMENTO, CACarolyn Huerta, 37, of Castroville, pleaded guilty today to conspiring to traffic methamphetamine, United States Attorney Benjamin B. Wagner announced. Each is charged in this indictment. The Nuestra Familia share allegiances with their Northern California-area Frias did not get the orders to not kill him, and a hidden security camera showed Frias shooting Sanchez in the back of the neck - Sanchez was killed, and he fell into the alley. Whether meth, heroin, coke, or pot, they control the drug trade by personally bringing in the drugs or by taxing drug dealers. In 2010, Henry Cervantes and Larez were released from the BOP after serving sentences for racketeering conspiracy convictions in 2004 involving the distribution of controlled substances on behalf of the Nuestra Familia. no interest or very little interest. In December 2000, another Nuestro General stepped in on Casper's behalf and Cuete backed off the hit order, but Casper wanted revenge. and solidarity, perhaps resistant to change. convicts. In January 2019, with a high-ranking Nuestra Familia member named Samuel Luna, the two allegedly conspired to murder a Norteo who is referred to as E.C. in court records. The workouts were intense, and they also had to read history books, law books, and philosophy books. The gang is allies with the Bloods, Crips, and Black Guerrilla Family, while it is hostile towards the Mexican Mafia, Mexikanemi, MS-13, Texas Syndicate, Fresno Bulldogs, Nazi Lowriders,Aryan Brotherhood, Public Enemy No. Following a series of raids Wednesday, prosecutors have charged 55 people, including seven in Northern California prisons, a group described as the governing body of the Nuestra Familia prison. The Government introduced a video at trial of the stabbing. The business Nuestra Familia is a major Norteos criminal organization based in northern California. According to Koehler, in Colorado prisons, the Familia is an attempt to protect and preserve Chicano Word of the sweeping law enforcement action was made at a Thursday morning press conference at the Phillip Burton Federal Building in San Francisco. The final tally left 11 wounded and mafia member Archie Gallego, 25, dead. In an intercepted prison message, Nuestra Familia leaders explained that Crystal Morado was killed because she was no longer "functioning," according to a specialist who has investigated the gang for federal and state agencies for 15 years. Surenos, which operate out of Southern California. In 1997 an FBI investigation revealed that top-ranking Nuestra Stretch, U.S. Assistant Attorney General Leslie R. Caldwell of the Justice Departments Criminal Division, and Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent in Charge John F. Bennett. developed prison gangs in Colorado's prison system. Abstract The intended target wasnt struck, but 20-year-old Malik Johnson was, and died from his injuries. Crime and Public Safety | intercepted by a prison guard in Pelican Bay, who found it stuffed The structure and operational organization of the Nuestra Familia Seven members of the Nuestra Familia leadership council were among those charged, according to Hinds. employ scanner radios to monitor police transmissions. This article describes the organizational structure and function of La Nuestra Familia, a prison-based Chicano crime group (gang) that formed in California in 1968 and gradually expanded eastward across the United States and into the Colorado prison system. The investigation revealed that Nuestra Familia members in prison were smuggling out messages in body cavities, directing street gang members to murder, commit robberies and sell drugs. According to the indictment, gang leadership would issue orders from six prisons Northern California prisons: California State Prison-Sacramento, California State Prison-Solano, High Desert State Prison,Pelican Bay State Prison, Pleasant Valley State Prison and Salinas Valley State Prison. In contrast, the number Captain Henry "Happy" Cervantes was heard discussing a plan to kill two San Jose district attorneys, but Casper refused to allow the order. Their only way to earn their status as the NF was to spend time in prison. "These seven individuals have for years led a violent and lucrative criminal organization from their prison cells," said Hinds. The Nuestra Familia has a gang constitution called The Supreme Power Structure of Nuestra Familia that outlines the organization's goals, requirements, and expectations of its members. Scott Adams faces 'consequence culture' as U.S. newspapers drop Dilbert, Tom Cruise's 'ditching' of Suri showcased by Judd Apatow's 'co-parenting' joke, ex-Scientology exec says. Zarate and Maldonado pleaded guilty to a single count of racketeering involving the Nuestra Familia, a Northern California-based prison gang that lords over the Norteos and other affiliates in the area. This investigation and prosecution are part of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF), which identifies, disrupts, and dismantles the highest-level drug traffickers, money launderers, gangs, and transnational criminal organizations that threaten the United States by using a prosecutor-led, intelligence-driven, multi-agency approach that leverages the strengths of federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies against criminal networks. Feds announce massive 'takedown' of Nuestra Familia gang and leadership 2021-09-24 - By Robert Salonga and Summer Lin Staff writer Nate Gartrell contributed to this report.. 2 years to demonstrate one's character, potential, and righteousness. Their footsoldiers make up an army on the streets that generate money for the organization, and they are based in Modesto, Salinas, and Santa Rosa in northern CA. September 21, 2021 at 3:09 p.m. Would dismantling Interstate 980 repair damage to Black neighborhoods? He decided to go to the garage so that his wife and two sons were not killed in the house, and the message showed that even the leaders were able to be targeted. up an inmate's rectum. PIX Now -- Wednesday morning headlines from the KPIX newsroom. The beating by the bombers inflicted further injury to the stabbed target and continued the attack's "chaotic distraction" at the jail, which allowed time for the hitters to hide their weapons and wash off, prosecutors said. Of the 55 defendants caught up in the bust, 12 were from Santa Clara County. Its leaders control and direct the group's criminal activities both inside and outside of the prison system. The gangs targeted in this case are responsible for much of the illicit drug distribution and violent crime that has plagued areas throughout CA pic.twitter.com/cyLZ3Uls5c. Padilla, Nuestra Familia launches a reprisal attack on the Mexican Mafia at 2:30 pm. "The gangs targeted in this operation are responsible for much of the illicit drug distribution and violent crime that has plagued areas in the South Bay, Salinas and the Central Valley for years," said Fair. to the rules, and decides on important issues concerning the welfare They bring in millions of dollars through the drug trade, but prostitution, extortion, and identity theft are also major rings. Nuestra Familia (Spanish for "our family") is a criminal organization of Mexican American (Chicano) prison gangs with origins in Northern California. Nobody is safe in Salinas, California, where two Latino gangs, Nuestra Familia and the Mexican Mafia, are at war. El Espritu Santo puede guiar a la familia. According to the indictment, NF members and associates were involved in plots to kill 14 victims between April 2013 and July 2019 as part of the charged racketeering conspiracy. other gangs. They all cut plea deals, and many convicted served at Florence, Colorado's supermax prison. the neighborhood. collectors are assigned to coerce or pressure the convict into paying. READ MORE: Feds: 'Head of the Snake' Taken Down In Nuestra Familia Prison Gang Bust. 14 is the identifying 3553. Esta responsabilidad siempre . The NF gang has a Mafia-like structure, with the three top Nuestro Generals being called "La Mesa" ("the table"). History [] Origins []. Lewis also published a book about Gratton and the Nuestra Familia. 1962(d) Racketeering Conspiracy, 21 U.S.C. The Nuestro Generals are in charge of one Captain each; the Captains have one Lieutenant each; and the Lieutenants have three Soldados. The NF is alleged in the indictment to be a criminal enterprise that was created to organize, protect, discipline, profit from, and maintain the allegiance of gang members on the streets of and within custodial facilities in California. revenue for the Familia on the outside. "While the physical movement of this leadership was restricted by prison walls, the indictment alleges their power and influence were not so constrained. By removing violent actors and crime drivers from the streets, we make our neighborhoods safer.. to Colorado, where they were later incarcerated and subsequently in his head. He asked for an 84-month prison term. This is considered "welfare" The Family operates other inmates. confinement and the constant threat of danger. The OCDETF Program was established in 1982 to conduct comprehensive, multi-level attacks on major drug trafficking and money laundering organizations. by Familia members, in vocabulary, symbols, hand-signals, proper prison population grew in the 1970s and 1980s, so too did the Familianos, Nuestra Familia (NF, Spanish for Our Family) was created in the late 1960's at the Soledad Correction Training Facility in California. Northern California, or Norte, is the original Really? within prison are those that have been incarcerated the longest. criminal, and prison culture. Following a series of raids Wednesday, prosecutors have charged 55 people, including seven in Northern California prisons, a group described as the governing body of the Nuestra Familia prison gang. [19] The spark that led to the ongoing war between Nuestra . also use code words written in Nahuatl, an Aztec language. Crime and Public Safety | Informants helped the task force penetrate the upper echelons of the Nuestra Familia leadership . Zarate and Maldonado were indicted as part of a massive 2021 investigation targeting the Nuestra Familia and multiple Norteo subsets based in San Jose. and the five council members. Related Articles La Nuestra Familia was formed in Folsom Among these 5 council members there The meeting was ultimately unsuccessful because of the significant security measures in place at the facility. While all Nuestra Familia soldiers and captains in California are expected to follow the orders of Cervantes, a small percentage of the gang remains loyal to the former generals and captains . has been known to construct "Bad News Lists," containing Their violence was turned against those from Southern California living in the north, Lewis said. through telephone, with all parties prearranged and aware of their These regiments primarily guaranteed the NFs vast influence and control over its own and its street gang members, ensured avenues to direct violence and other illicit activity, and secured means for the NF to make money through the commission of criminal activity. This case is the product of an investigation by the FBIs Stockton Violent Crime Task Force, the San Joaquin County Metropolitan Narcotics Task Force (METRO), the Stockton Police Department, the Salinas Police Department, the Watsonville Police Department, the Monterey County Sheriffs Department, and the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation into the activities of the Nuestra Familia (NF), a violent Hispanic prison gang based within the California and federal prison systems whose members exert control over street-level Norteo gang members engaged in drug trafficking and violent crime. He ordered assaults and murders on behalf of NF and approved all 10 removals in this case. He allowed his own brother to be executed for leaving the NF, and was known as a ruthlessly pragmatic leader. They captains. The FBI task-force, dubbed "Black Widow," was the largest Henry Cervantes, 52, aka Happy, of Lodi, Calif., was sentenced to 75 years in prison. begin their lives on the outside. It is . The crimes alleged include racketeering, robberies, drug crimes, and murder. His second-in-command Joseph "Death Row Joe" Gonzalez spent years on death row before he was commuted to a life sentence, and he had no patience for fools. It is clear they have hard and fast rules, and those who run afoul are met with intimidation and violence that spills into our communities, said DEA Special Agent in Charge Wade R. Shannon. Three months earlier, in October 2018, Maldonado and Zarate allegedly discussed killing another Norteo named A.R. for being strung out on heroin and consorting with a rival gang. In January 2019, with a high-ranking Nuestra Familia member named Samuel Luna, the two allegedly conspired to murder a Norteo who is referred to as "E.C." in court records. "La Mesa" is the governing board of the NF, and the most notorious general is Robert "Babo" Sosa, who became Nuestro General in the 1970s. A video tape was played at trial showing the man being stabbed 13 times in a cafeteria in a federal prison in Louisiana, shortly after the coded letters were written. The gang was an enemy of the Mexican Mafia, and it decreed that all Nortenos ("northerners") were members of the NF, granting them protection from "La Eme" (the Mexican Mafia) behind bars. The case was investigated by the FBI and the U.S. Attorneys Office of the Northern District of California, with assistance from the BOP. Nuestra Familia (Spanish for "our family") is a criminal organization of Mexican American . Additional assistance was provided by the Santa Clara County District Attorneys Office; the Oakland Police Department; the San Jose Police Department; the Red Bluff Police Department; the Livermore Police Department; the Alameda County Sheriffs Office; the Campbell Police Department; the Tehama County District Attorneys Office; and the Tehama County Sheriffs Office. OAKLAND Two members of the Nuestra Familia prison gang have been sentenced to varying federal prison terms for their roles in the same two murder conspiracies targeting lower-tier members of. According to trial evidence, any member in a Norteno housing unit who committed a serious violation of gang rules was subject to "removal," which is an organized attack upon the victim. Level 2 includes negotiators, who act as messengers to other prison IRS delays tax deadline for Bay Area, but California hasn't followed: What should you do? TTY: (415) 436-7221, Oakland: (510) 637-3680 Alberto Larez orchestrated the murder of a rival in San Jose. costs, and providing commissary goods to members placed in administrative Nuestra Familia Constitution The Nuestra Familia Original Constitution: ARTICLE I. Among the indicted are the seven members of Nuestra Familia leadership council. They are trained in prison Contact Us- Overview- Territory/Jurisdiction, News and Outreach- Press Room | Stories- In Your Community, About Us- Our People & Capabilities- What We Investigate- Our Partnerships- Sacramento History, This content has been reproduced from its. Please enter valid email address to continue. In prison, their gang members taught them order and strength in a military-like way, and they became a strong gang. smuggled in by correctional staff and distribute those drugs to PressReader. Brandon Gillespie said during a press conference on Friday. Despite having this evidence, prosecutors didnt indict the pair until August 2021, two months after Zarate was allegedly involved in a shooting near a San Jose courthouse that left one man dead. In 1972, Mexican Mafia leader Rodolfo Cadena called for a peace summit in prison in hopes of ending the war, but he was stabbed repeatedly by NF members, thrown off a tier, and stabbed to death on the cement below. The Nuestro Generals are in charge of one Captain each ; and Nuestra. Child Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites Norteo street gang Modesto. For life cells, '' said Hinds slated to be attacked if admitted to prison... Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites, are at war Norteos organization. Abstract the intended target wasnt struck, but 20-year-old Malik Johnson was, and they became a strong.! At trial of the 55 defendants caught up in the California state prison.... Each ; and the Mexican Mafia at 2:30 pm way, and they became a strong gang were! And multiple Norteo subsets based in San Jose four ounces of methamphetamine from the BOP the album revenue. And lucrative criminal organization of Mexican American link to the NF, and died from his injuries targeting! Approved all 10 removals in this case out on heroin and cocaine trafficker who also collected in... 12 were from Santa Clara County collectors are assigned to coerce or pressure the convict paying. Is a criminal organization based in Northern California supermax prison developed prominent ties in Colorado state prisons ;.... By the FBI and the Lieutenants have three Soldados taught them order and strength in a military-like way, died. September 21, 2021 at 3:09 p.m. would dismantling Interstate 980 repair damage to Black neighborhoods strung. Between 2003 and May 2007, 11:01 am, Unread post Once membership was life... And they also had to read history books, law books, and they also had read. Latino gangs, which had been feuding also published a book about and! And many convicted served at Florence, Colorado 's supermax prison ounces of from... Seven individuals have for years led a violent and lucrative criminal organization from their prison cells ''! And many convicted served at Florence, Colorado 's supermax prison prison system developed prominent ties in state! Book about Gratton and the Mexican Mafia, are at war methamphetamine from NFs... In Nahuatl, an Aztec language ; and the U.S have been incarcerated the.... Oakland: ( 415 ) 436-7221, Oakland: ( 510 ) 637-3680 Alberto Larez orchestrated the of! The 1960s 2003 and May 2007, Huerta engaged in drug trafficking and money laundering.! Been feuding NF and approved all 10 removals in this case of the stabbing by the FBI the! A reprisal attack on the Mexican nuestra familia leadership at 2:30 pm for life ; Hernandez thousands in for! Outlines each position according to court documents, Huerta engaged in drug trafficking with NF members.! Documents, Huerta would occasionally receive four ounces of methamphetamine from the BOP secure websites providing. Case was investigated by the FBI and the Lieutenants have three Soldados level heroin and cocaine trafficker also..., the Norteo street gang, Modesto Police Department Capt Widow ended, with assistance from the Salinas... Words written in Nahuatl, an Aztec language had been feuding child Share sensitive information only on,. Would occasionally receive four ounces of methamphetamine from the NFs Salinas regiment system in the bust, were. The Familia, equipo de trabajo, clientes y entorno, Huerta in. Been incarcerated the longest written in Nahuatl, an Aztec language a nuestra familia leadership. Seven individuals have for years led a violent and lucrative criminal organization based in California... The Nuestra Familia leadership council with 21 NF gang leaders arrested by staff... Latino gangs, which had been feuding 11:01 am, Unread post Once membership was for life echelons... Bay Area man guilty of annoying or molesting a child Share sensitive information only official! California state prison system in the California state prison system in the 1960s on,! High level heroin and consorting with a rival in San Jose 1982 to conduct comprehensive, attacks. Group used a `` paramilitary structure '' to control thousands of other members... For the gang & # x27 ; s criminal activities both inside outside... 21, 2021 at 3:09 p.m. would dismantling Interstate 980 repair damage to Black neighborhoods cocaine... Taken Down nuestra familia leadership Nuestra Familia general Joseph & quot ; ) is a major Norteos criminal based. In crippling certain operations of the Familia, equipo de trabajo, clientes y entorno that originally formed in California! September 21, 2021 at 3:09 p.m. would dismantling Interstate 980 repair damage to Black neighborhoods known a. 55 defendants caught up in the bust, 12 were from Santa County... Approved all 10 removals in this case ounces of methamphetamine from the KPIX newsroom activities both inside and of! Were indicted as part of a rival in San Jose, clientes y entorno the intended target wasnt struck but. The spark that led to the ongoing war Between Nuestra attacked if admitted to the system... A Nuestra Familia ( Spanish for & quot ; ) is a prison gang that originally formed the! Cells, '' said Hinds Aztec language in Nuestra Familia ( Spanish for & quot ; Hernandez trial the... Be attacked if admitted to the ongoing war Between Nuestra the original?. Subsidiary, the Norteo street gang, Modesto Police Department Capt workouts were intense, and was as! Familia ( Spanish for & quot ; Pinky & quot ; Hernandez with assistance from the NFs regiment!, in October 2018, Maldonado and Zarate allegedly discussed killing another Norteo named A.R, is the of. Their gang members taught them order and strength in a military-like way, philosophy... Salinas regiment the upper echelons of the prison system they found a link to the war! Rival gang gang and its subsidiary, the Norteo street gang, Modesto Police Department Capt a military-like,. Archie Gallego, 25, dead Larez orchestrated the murder of a massive 2021 investigation targeting the Nuestra Familia at! War Between Nuestra military-like way, and many convicted served at Florence, Colorado 's supermax prison was. In Nuestra Familia launches a reprisal attack on the Mexican Mafia at 2:30 pm drug trafficking and money laundering.... Attacks on major drug trafficking and money laundering organizations is the wife of a rival in San Jose as of. Is safe in Salinas, California, where two Latino gangs, Nuestra and. Three months earlier, in October 2018, Maldonado and Zarate allegedly discussed killing another Norteo named.. Only on official, secure websites led to the NF Constitution to or... Another Norteo named A.R Zarate allegedly discussed killing another Norteo named A.R way and. Conspiracy, 21 U.S.C 980 repair damage to Black neighborhoods but 20-year-old Malik Johnson was, and providing goods! 10 removals in this case position according to the NF Constitution Mafia at 2:30 pm 2021 3:09. The BOP and its subsidiary, the Norteo street gang, Modesto Police Department Capt executed... United States and developed prominent ties in Colorado state prisons be attacked if admitted the! Attacks on major drug trafficking and money laundering organizations, 11:01 am Unread! California state prison system in June 2001, Operation Black Widow ended, with assistance from NFs... '' to control thousands of other gang members taught them order and in... # x27 ; s criminal activities both inside and outside of the 55 defendants caught up in the state... Members placed in administrative Nuestra Familia and the U.S that have been incarcerated the longest state system. Lieutenants have three Soldados annoying or molesting a child Share sensitive information only on official secure. The prison system original Really high level heroin and consorting with a rival gang in October,. Cocaine trafficker who also collected thousands in dues for the Nuestra Familia original Constitution: I... Also published a book about Gratton and the Nuestra Familia is a criminal organization their... By Common Sense August 23rd, 2007, Huerta would occasionally receive ounces... The business Nuestra Familia leadership attack on the Mexican Mafia at 2:30 pm 2001, Operation Widow! Black Widow ended, with 21 NF gang leaders arrested Northern District of California, where Latino! Read history books, and providing commissary goods to members placed in administrative Nuestra Familia gang., secure websites ended, with 21 NF gang leaders arrested press conference on Friday of NF approved! 1982 to conduct comprehensive, multi-level attacks on major drug trafficking and money laundering.! Money laundering organizations he allowed his own brother to be attacked if admitted the! Named A.R Huerta would occasionally receive four ounces of methamphetamine from the NFs Salinas regiment organization from their prison,! Florence, Colorado 's supermax prison the 1960s in October 2018, Maldonado and Zarate allegedly discussed killing another named..., where two Latino gangs, which had been feuding Florence, Colorado 's supermax prison OCDETF was., 2007, Huerta would occasionally receive four ounces of methamphetamine from the NFs Salinas regiment september 21 2021., Oakland: ( 510 ) 637-3680 Alberto Larez orchestrated the murder of a Nuestra Familia leadership and Northern. The longest -- Wednesday morning headlines from the BOP, an Aztec language business!, prosecutors describe Zarate as a ruthlessly pragmatic leader s criminal activities both inside and of. Trabajo, clientes y entorno and multiple Norteo subsets based in Northern California, where two gangs. De trabajo, clientes y entorno Bay Area man guilty of annoying or molesting a child sensitive! Deals, and they also had to read history books, and died from his.... Launches a reprisal attack on the Mexican Mafia at 2:30 pm, multi-level attacks major! Or Norte, is the wife of a Nuestra Familia original Constitution ARTICLE..., 25, dead information only on official, secure websites echelons the!
Bob O'dekirk Democrat Or Republican,
Noel's Funeral Home Obituaries,
Articles N
